Skip to main content

Theory of mind

Author/s
Francesca G. E. Happé
Citation
Issue 4 Summer 2014
CEPiP.2014.1.98-103
Abstract

The ‘theory of mind’ deficit account explains social and communication problems in autism as resulting from difficulty tracking others’ thoughts. In this article I briefly describe the nature, history and implications of this influential account. The notion that people with autism show a sort of ‘mindblindness’ refined our understanding of their social-communicative symptoms, allowed neuroimaging investigation of the brain basis of social difficulties in autism, led to new attempts at intervention and highlighted areas of social cognition not impaired in this group.

Cite as: Cutting Edge Psychiatry in Practice 2014, 4(1):98-103; https://doi.org/10.65031/ooeg3802

References

  1. Premack, D. and G. Woodruff, Does the Chimpanzee Have a Theory of Mind. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1978. 1(4): p. 515-526. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00076512
  2. Wimmer, H. and J. Perner, Beliefs About Beliefs - Representation and Constraining Function of Wrong Beliefs in Young Children’s Understanding of Deception. Cognition, 1983. 13(1): p. 103-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(83)90004-5
  3. Baron-Cohen, S., A.M. Leslie, and U. Frith, Does the autistic child have a “theory of mind”? Cognition, 1985. 21(1): p. 37-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(85)90022-8
  4. Simon Baron-Cohen, M.L., and Helen Tager-Flusberg, Understanding Other Minds: Perspectives from developmental social neuroscience. 3 ed, ed. S. Baron-Cohen, M. Lombardo, and H. Tager- Flusberg 2013, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 520. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199692972.001.0001
  5. Frith, U., Autism : explaining the enigma. 2nd ed. 2003, Blackwell Pub.: New York.            
  6. Happe, F.G.E., An Advanced Test of Theory of Mind - Understanding of Story Characters’ Thoughts and Feelings by Able Autistic, Mentally-Handicapped, and Normal Children and Adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 1994. 24(2): p. 129-154. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02172093
  7. Senju, A., et al., Mindblind eyes: an absence of spontaneous theory of mind in Asperger syndrome. Science, 2009. 325(5942): p. 883-5. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1176170
  8. Onishi, K.H. and R. Baillargeon, Do 15-month-old infants understand false beliefs? Science, 2005. 308(5719): p. 255-258. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1107621
  9. Castelli, F., et al., Movement and mind: A functional imaging study of perception and interpretation of complex intentional movement patterns. Neuroimage, 2000. 12(3): p. 314-325. https://doi.org/10.1006/nimg.2000.0612
  10. Frith, C.D. and U. Frith, Mechanisms of social cognition. Annu Rev Psychol, 2012. 63: p. 287-313. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100449
  11. Baron-Cohen, S., et al., Early identification of autism by the CHecklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT). J R Soc Med, 2000. 93(10): p. 521-5. https://doi.org/10.1177/014107680009301007
  12. Williams, D. and F. Happe, Representing intentions in self and other: studies of autism and typical development. Developmental Science, 2010. 13(2): p. 307-319. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2009.00885.x
  13. Fletcher-Watson, S., et al., Interventions based on the Theory of Mind cognitive model for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2014. 3: p. CD008785. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd008785
  14. Happé, F. and U. Frith, Annual Research Review: Towards a developmental neuroscience of atypical social cognition. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2013, 55(6): 553-577. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12162
  15. Happe, F. and A. Ronald, The ‘Fractionable Autism Triad’: A Review of Evidence from Behavioural, Genetic, Cognitive and Neural Research. Neuropsychology Review, 2008. 18(4): p. 287-304 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-008-9076-8