Eating disorders during the perinatal period
References
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic And Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Washington DC. American Psychiatric Association (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/springerreference_179660
- Poyastro Pinheiro A, Thornton LM, Plotonicov KH, Tozzi F, Klump KL, Berrettini WH, et al. Patterns of menstrual disturbance in eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2007;40(5):424-34. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20388
- Martini MG, Solmi F, Krug I, Karwautz A, Wagner G, Fernandez-Aranda F, et al. Associations between eating disorder diagnoses, behaviors, and menstrual dysfunction in a clinical sample. Archives of Women's Mental Health. 2016;19:553-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-015-0576-2
- Attia E, Roberto CA. Should amenorrhea be a diagnostic criterion for anorexia nervosa? International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2009;42(7):581-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20720
- Kimmel M, Ferguson E, Zerwas S, Bulik C, Meltzer‐Brody S. Obstetric and gynecologic problems associated with eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2016;49(3):260-75. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22483
- Huhmann K. Menses requires energy: a review of how disordered eating, excessive exercise, and high stress lead to menstrual irregularities. Clinical Therapeutics. 2020;42(3):401-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2020.01.016
- Hecht LM, Hadwiger A, Patel S, Hecht BR, Loree A, Ahmedani BK, et al. Disordered eating and eating disorders among women seeking fertility treatment: a systematic review. Archives of Women's Mental Health. 2022:1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-021-01156-x
- Barbosa-Magalhaes I, Corcos M, Galey J, Perdigao-Cotta S, Papastathi C, de Crecy M, et al. Prevalence of lifetime eating disorders in infertile women seeking pregnancy with pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone therapy. Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity. 2021;26:709-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-020-00893-9
- Easter A, Treasure J, Micali N. Fertility and prenatal attitudes towards pregnancy in women with eating disorders: results from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2011;118(12):1491-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2011.03077.x
- Micali N, dos‐Santos‐Silva I, De Stavola B, Steenweg‐de Graaf J, Jaddoe V, Hofman A, et al. Fertility treatment, twin births, and unplanned pregnancies in women with eating disorders: findings from a population‐based birth cohort. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2014;121(4):408-16. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.12503
- Bulik CM, Hoffman ER, Von Holle A, Torgersen L, Stoltenberg C, Reichborn-Kjennerud T. Unplanned pregnancy in women with anorexia nervosa. Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2010;116(5):1136-40. https://doi.org/10.1097/aog.0b013e3181f7efdc
- Easter A, Bye A, Taborelli E, Corfield F, Schmidt U, Treasure J, et al. Recognising the symptoms: how common are eating disorders in pregnancy? European Eating Disorders Review. 2013;21(4):340-4. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2229
- Watson HJ, Von Holle A, Hamer RM, Berg CK, Torgersen L, Magnus P, et al. Remission, continuation and incidence of eating disorders during early pregnancy: a validation study in a population-based birth cohort. Psychological Medicine. 2013;43(8):1723-34. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291712002516
- Dos Santos AM, Benute GRG, Dos Santos NO, Nomura RMY, de Lucia MCS, Francisco RPV. Presence of eating disorders and its relationship to anxiety and depression in pregnant women. Midwifery. 2017;51:12-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2017.05.005
- Bye A, Nath S, Ryan EG, Bick D, Easter A, Howard LM, et al. Prevalence and clinical characterisation of pregnant women with eating disorders. European Eating Disorders Review. 2020;28(2):141-55. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2719
- Bannatyne AJ, Hughes R, Stapleton P, Watt B, MacKenzie-Shalders K. Consensus on the assessment of disordered eating in pregnancy: an international Delphi study. Archives of Women's Mental Health. 2018;21:383-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-017-0806-x
- Dörsam AF, Bye A, Graf J, Howard LM, Throm JK, Müller M, et al. Screening instruments for eating disorders in pregnancy: current evidence, challenges, and future directions. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2022;55(9):1208-18. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23780
- Easter A, Solmi F, Bye A, Taborelli E, Corfield F, Schmidt U, et al. Antenatal and postnatal psychopathology among women with current and past eating disorders: longitudinal patterns. European Eating Disorders Review. 2015;23(1):19-27. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2328
- Makino M, Yasushi M, Tsutsui S. The risk of eating disorder relapse during pregnancy and after delivery and postpartum depression among women recovered from eating disorders. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2020;20:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-020-03006-7
- Morgan JF, Lacey JH, Sedgwick PM. Impact of pregnancy on bulimia nervosa. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 1999;174(2):135-40. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.174.2.135
- Blais MA, Becker AE, Burwell RA, Flores AT, Nussbaum KM, Greenwood DN, et al. Pregnancy: outcome and impact on symptomatology in a cohort of eating‐disordered women. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2000;27(2):140-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(200003)27:2<140::aid-eat2>3.0.co;2-e
- Micali N, Treasure J, Simonoff E. Eating disorders symptoms in pregnancy: a longitudinal study of women with recent and past eating disorders and obesity. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2007;63(3):297-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.05.003
- Baskin R, Meyer D, Galligan R. Psychosocial factors, mental health symptoms, and disordered eating during pregnancy. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2020;53(6):873-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23264
- Baskin R, Meyer D, Galligan R. Predicting the change in perinatal disordered eating symptoms: an examination of psychosocial factors. Body Image. 2021;37:162-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.02.002
- Kiani-Sheikhabadi M, Beigi M, Mohebbi-Dehnavi Z. The relationship between perfectionism and body image with eating disorder in pregnancy. Journal of Education and Health Promotion. 2019;8(1):242. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_58_19
- Goutaudier N, Ayache R, Aub. H, Chabrol H. Traumatic anticipation of childbirth and disordered eating during pregnancy. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology. 2020;38(3):243-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2020.1741525
- Fogarty S, Elmir R, Hay P, Schmied V. The experience of women with an eating disorder in the perinatal period: a meta-ethnographic study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2018;18:1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-1762-9
- Taborelli E, Easter A, Keefe R, Schmidt U, Treasure J, Micali N. Transition to motherhood in women with eating disorders: a qualitative study. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice. 2016;89(3):308-23. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12076
- Mantel Ä, Hirschberg AL, Stephansson O. Association of maternal eating disorders with pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020;77(3):285-93. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3664
- Micali N, Simonoff E, Treasure J. Risk of major adverse perinatal outcomes in women with eating disorders. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2007;190(3):255-9. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.020768
- Linna MS, Raevuori A, Haukka J, Suvisaari JM, Suokas JT, Gissler M. Reproductive health outcomes in eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2013;46(8):826-33. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22179
- de Zwaan M. Binge eating disorder and obesity. International Journal of Obesity. 2001;25(1):S51-S5.
- Torgersen L, Von Holle A, Reichborn‐Kjennerud T, Berg CK, Hamer R, Sullivan P, et al. Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy in women with bulimia nervosa and eating disorders not otherwise specified. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2008;41(8):722-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20564
- Linna MS, Raevuori A, Haukka J, Suvisaari JM, Suokas JT, Gissler M. Pregnancy, obstetric, and perinatal health outcomes in eating disorders. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2014;211(4):392. e1-e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2014.03.067
- Solmi F, Sallis H, Stahl D, Treasure J, Micali N. Low birth weight in the offspring of women with anorexia nervosa. Epidemiologic Reviews. 2014;36(1):49-56. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxt004
- Micali N, Stemann Larsen P, Strandberg‐Larsen K, Nybo Andersen AM. Size at birth and preterm birth in women with lifetime eating disorders: a prospective population‐based study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2016;123(8):1301-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.13825
- Watson HJ, Zerwas S, Torgersen L, Gustavson K, Diemer EW, Knudsen GP, et al. Maternal eating disorders and perinatal outcomes: a threegeneration study in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 2017;126(5):552. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000241
- Eik‐Nes TT, Horn J, Strohmaier S, Holmen TL, Micali N, Bjørnelv S. Impact of eating disorders on obstetric outcomes in a large clinical sample: a comparison with the HUNT study. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2018;51(10):1134-43. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22916
- Ante Z, Luu TM, Healy‐Profit.s J, He S, Taddeo D, Lo E, et al. Pregnancy outcomes in women with anorexia nervosa. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2020;53(5):673-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23251
- Morgan JF, Lacey JH, Chung E. Risk of postnatal depression, miscarriage, and preterm birth in bulimia nervosa: retrospective controlled study. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2006;68(3):487-92. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000221265.43407.89
- Micali N, De Stavola B, dos‐Santos‐Silva I, Steenweg‐de Graaff J, Jansen P, Jaddoe V, et al. Perinatal outcomes and gestational weight gain in women with eating disorders: a population‐based cohort study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2012;119(12):1493-502. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2012.03467.x
- Chan CY, Lee AM, Koh YW, Lam SK, Lee CP, Leung KY, et al. Course, risk factors, and adverse outcomes of disordered eating in pregnancy. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2019;52(6):652-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23065
- O'Loghlen E, Galligan R. Disordered eating in the postpartum period: role of psychological distress, body dissatisfaction, dysfunctional maternal beliefs and self-compassion. Journal of Health Psychology. 2022;27(5):1084-98. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105321995940
- Martínez-Olcina M, Rubio-Arias JA, Reche-García C, Leyva-Vela B, Hernández-García M, Hernández-Morante JJ, et al. Eating disorders in pregnant and breastfeeding women: a systematic review. Medicina. 2020;56(7):352. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina56070352
- Pettersson CB, Zandian M, Clinton D. Eating disorder symptoms pre-and postpartum. Archives of Women's Mental Health. 2016;19:675-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-016-0619-3
- Ward VB. Eating disorders in pregnancy. BMJ. 2008;336(7635):93-6.
- Mazzeo SE, Zucker NL, Gerke CK, Mitchell KS, Bulik CM. Parenting concerns of women with histories of eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2005;37(Suppl):S77-S79. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20121
- Astrachan-Fletcher E, Veldhuis C, Lively N, Fowler C, Marcks B. The reciprocal effects of eating disorders and the postpartum period: a review of the literature and recommendations for clinical care. Journal of Women's Health. 2008;17(2):227-39. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2007.0550
- Bulik CM, Von Holle A, Hamer R, Berg CK, Torgersen L, Magnus P, et al. Patterns of remission, continuation and incidence of broadly defined eating disorders during early pregnancy in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). Psychological Medicine. 2007;37(8):1109-18. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291707000724
- Micali N, Simonoff E, Treasure J. Pregnancy and post-partum depression and anxiety in a longitudinal general population cohort: the effect of eating disorders and past depression. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2011;131(1-3):150-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.09.034
- Franko DL, Blais MA, Becker AE, Delinsky SS, Greenwood DN, Flores AT, et al. Pregnancy complications and neonatal outcomes in women with eating disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001;158(9):1461-6. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.9.1461
- Carter FA, McIntosh VV, Joyce PR, Frampton CM, Bulik CM. Bulimia nervosa, childbirth, and psychopathology. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2003;55(4):357-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00641-4
- Johansen SL, Stenhaug BA, Robakis TK, Williams KE, Cullen MR. Past psychiatric conditions as risk factors for postpartum depression: a nationwide cohort study. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2020;81(1):18405. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.19m12929
- Hambleton A, Pepin G, Le A, Maloney D, Touyz S, Maguire S. Psychiatric and medical comorbidities of eating disorders: findings from a rapid review of the literature. Journal of Eating Disorders. 2022;10(1):132. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-022-00671-1
- Martini MG, Barona-Martinez M, Micali N. Eating disorders mothers and their children: a systematic review of the literature. Archives of Women's Mental Health. 2020;23:449-67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-020-01019-x
- Bye A, Martini MG, Micali N. Eating disorders, pregnancy and the postnatal period: a review of the recent literature. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 2021;34(6):563-8. https://doi.org/10.1097/yco.0000000000000748
- Motion S, Northstone K, Emond A, Team TAS. Persistent early feeding difficulties and subsequent growth and developmental outcomes. Ambulatory Child Health. 2001;7(3‐4):231-7. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-0658.2001.00139.x
- Patel P, Wheatcroft R, Park RJ, Stein A. The children of mothers with eating disorders. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review. 2002;5:1- 19. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1014524207660
- Micali N, Simonoff E, Treasure J. Infant feeding and weight in the first year of life in babies of women with eating disorders. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2009;154(1):55-60. e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.07.003
- Micali N, Simonoff E, Stahl D, Treasure J. Maternal eating disorders and infant feeding difficulties: maternal and child mediators in a longitudinal general population study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2011;52(7):800-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02341.x
- Bailey‐Straebler SM, Susser LC, Cooper Z. Breastfeeding and pumping as maladaptive weight control behaviors. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2023;56(9):1683-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.24006
- Torgersen L, Ystrom E, Haugen M, Meltzer HM, Von Holle A, Berg CK, et al. Breastfeeding practice in mothers with eating disorders. Maternal and Child Nutrition. 2010;6(3):243-52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8709.2009.00208.x
- Nguyen AN, de Barse LM, Tiemeier H, Jaddoe VW, Franco OH, Jansen PW, et al. Maternal history of eating disorders: diet quality during pregnancy and infant feeding. Appetite. 2017;109:108-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.11.030
- Martini MG, Taborelli E, Schmidt U, Treasure J, Micali N. Infant feeding behaviours and attitudes to feeding amongst mothers with eating disorders: a longitudinal study. European Eating Disorders Review. 2019;27(2):137-46. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2626
- Lydecker JA, Grilo CM. Fathers and mothers with eating-disorder psychopathology: Associations with child eating-disorder behaviors. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2016;86:63-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2016.05.006
- Lacey JH, Smith G. Bulimia nervosa: the impact of pregnancy on mother and baby. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 1987;150(6):777-81. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.150.6.777
- Waugh E, Bulik CM. Offspring of women with eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1999;25(2):123-33. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199903)25:2<123::aid-eat1>3.0.co;2-b
- Watson HJ, O'Brien A, Sadeh-Sharvit S. Children of parents with eating disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports. 2018;20:1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-018-0970-3
- Martini MG, Yim SH, Eisler I, Micali N, Schmidt U. Bonding and parent‐child quality of interaction in parents with eating disorder: a scoping review. European Eating Disorders Review. 2024;33(2):221-38. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.3144
- Martini MG, Taborelli E, Easter A, Bye A, Eisler I, Schmidt U, et al. Effect of maternal eating disorders on mother‐infant quality of interaction, bonding and child temperament: a longitudinal study. European Eating Disorders Review. 2023;31(2):335-48. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2960
- Ierardi E, Ferro V, Trovato A, Tambelli R, Riva Crugnola C. Maternal and paternal depression and anxiety: their relationship with motherinfant interactions at 3 months. Archives of Women's Mental Health. 2019;22:527-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-018-0919-x
- Bould H, Sovio U, Koupil I, Dalman C, Micali N, Lewis G, et al. Do eating disorders in parents predict eating disorders in children? Evidence from a Swedish cohort. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2015;132(1):51-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12389
- Ziobrowski HN, Sonneville KR, Eddy KT, Crosby RD, Micali N, Horton NJ, et al. Maternal eating disorders and eating disorder treatment among girls in the growing up today study. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2019;65(4):469-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.04.031
- Bakalar JL, Shank LM, Vannucci A, Radin RM, Tanofsky-Kraff M. Recent advances in developmental and risk factor research on eating disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports. 2015;17:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-015-0585-x
- Sadeh-Sharvit S, Levy-Shiff R, Ram A, Gur E, Zubery E, Steiner E, et al. Mothers with eating disorders: the environmental factors affecting eating-related emotional difficulties in their offspring. Bio-psycho-social Contributions to Understanding Eating Disorders. 2016:77-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32742-6_6
- Johnson SE, Lawrence D, Perales F, Baxter J, Zubrick SR. Prevalence of mental disorders among children and adolescents of parents with self-reported mental health problems. Community Mental Health Journal. 2018;54:884-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-017-0217-5
- Monteleone AM, Ruzzi V, Patriciello G, Pellegrino F, Cascino G, Castellini G, et al. Parental bonding, childhood maltreatment and eating disorder psychopathology: an investigation of their interactions. Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity. 2020;25:577-89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-019-00649-0
- Liang C-S, Bai Y-M, Hsu J-W, Huang K-L, Ko N-Y, Yeh T-C, et al. Associations of parental mental disorders and age with childhood mental disorders: a population-based cohort study with four million offspring. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2021:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01914-3
- Bulik CM, Coleman JR, Hardaway JA, Breithaupt L, Watson HJ, Bryant CD, et al. Genetics and neurobiology of eating disorders. Nature Neuroscience. 2022;25(5):543-54. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-022-01071-z
- Koubaa S, Hällström T, Hirschberg AL. Early maternal adjustment in women with eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2008;41(5):405-10. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20521
- Barona M, Nybo Andersen AM, Micali N. Childhood psychopathology in children of women with eating disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2016;134(4):295-304. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12616
- Sadeh-Sharvit S, Levy-Shiff R, Arnow KD, Lock JD. The interactions of mothers with eating disorders with their toddlers: identifying broader risk factors. Attachment and Human Development. 2016;18(4):418-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2016.1164201
- Stitt N, Reupert A. Mothers with an eating disorder: 'food comes before anything'. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 2014;21(6):509-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12104
- Arcelus J, Yates A, Whiteley R. Romantic relationships, clinical and sub-clinical eating disorders: a review of the literature. Sexual and Relationship Therapy. 2012;27(2):147-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681994.2012.696095
- Micali N, Dahlgren CL. All that glisters is not an endophenotype: rethinking endophenotypes in anorexia nervosa. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2016;25:1149-50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-016-0910-x
- Kothari R, Solmi F, Treasure J, Micali N. The neuropsychological profile of children at high risk of developing an eating disorder. Psychological Medicine. 2013;43(7):1543-54. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291712002188
- Kothari R, Barona M, Treasure J, Micali N. Social cognition in children at familial high-risk of developing an eating disorder. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 2015;9:208. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00208
- Kothari R, Rosinska M, Treasure J, Micali N. The early cognitive development of children at high risk of developing an eating disorder. European Eating Disorders Review. 2014;22(2):152-6. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2274
- Barona M, Taborelli E, Corfield F, Pawlby S, Easter A, Schmidt U, et al. Neurobehavioural and cognitive development in infants born to mothers with eating disorders. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2017;58(8):931-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12736
- Koubaa S, Hällström T, Hagenäs L, Hirschberg A. Retarded head growth and neurocognitive development in infants of mothers with a history of eating disorders: longitudinal cohort study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2013;120(11):1413-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.12370
- Duncan L, Yilmaz Z, Walters R, Goldstein J, Anttila V, Bulik-Sullivan B, et al. Genome-wide association study reveals first locus for anorexia nervosa and metabolic correlations. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 2017;174(9):850. https://doi.org/10.1101/088815
- Watson HJ, Yilmaz Z, Thornton LM, Hübel C, Coleman JR, Gaspar HA, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies eight risk loci and implicates metabo-psychiatric origins for anorexia nervosa. Nature Genetics. 2019;51(8):1207-14. https://doi.org/10.1530/ey.17.15.18
- Mantel Ä, Örtqvist AK, Hirschberg AL, Stephansson O. Analysis of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring of mothers with eating disorders in Sweden. JAMA Network Open. 2022;5(1):e2143947-e. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.43947
- Freizinger M, Franko DL, Dacey M, Okun B, Domar AD. The prevalence of eating disorders in infertile women. Fertility and Sterility. 2010;93(1):72-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.09.055
- Stringer E, Tierney S, Fox J, Butterfield C, Furber C. Pregnancy, motherhood and eating disorders: a qualitative study describing women's views of maternity care. Evidence Based Midwifery. 2010;8(4):112-21.
- Bye A, Shawe J, Bick D, Easter A, Kash-Macdonald M, Micali N. Barriers to identifying eating disorders in pregnancy and in the postnatal period: a qualitative approach. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2018;18:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-1745-x
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Antenatal and postnatal mental health: clinical management and service guidance 2014. Accessed 23 November 2023. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg192.
- Eating Disorders and Pregnancy. Nutrition leaflets for women 2023. Available from: https://www.eatingdisordersandpregnancy.co.uk/ nutrition-leaflets-for-women.
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Eating disorders: recognition and treatment. NICE guideline [NG69] 2017. Updated 16 December 2020. Accessed 6 October 2023. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng69/chapter/Recommendations# identification-and-assessment. https://doi.org/10.24292/01.mf.0120.14
- Franko DL, Becker AE, Thomas JJ, Herzog DB. Cross‐ethnic differences in eating disorder symptoms and related distress. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2007;40(2):156-64. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.20341